Margaret Sanger - Wikipedia. Margaret Sanger. Sanger in 1. Born. Margaret Louise Higgins(1. September 1. 4, 1. Corning, New York, U. S. Died. September 6, 1. Tucson, Arizona, U. S. Occupation. Social reformer, sex educator, writer, nurse. Spouse(s)William Sanger (1. Sanger popularized the term . She was prosecuted for her book Family Limitation under the Comstock Act in 1. She was afraid of what would happen, so she fled to Britain until she knew it was safe to return to the US. Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children. She also wanted to prevent so- called back- alley abortions, which were common at the time because abortions were usually illegal. In New York City, she organized the first birth control clinic staffed by all- female doctors, as well as a clinic in Harlem with an entirely African- American staff. From 1. 95. 2 to 1. Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. She died in 1. 96. Early life. Michael Hennessey Higgins had emigrated to the USA at age 1. U. S. Army as a drummer at age 1. Civil War. After leaving the army, Michael studied medicine and phrenology, but ultimately became a stonecutter, making stone angels, saints, and tombstones. Higgins was a Catholic who became an atheist and an activist for women's suffrage and free public education. Her parents brought the family to Canada during the Potato Famine. She married Michael in 1. Sanger was the sixth of eleven surviving children. In 1. 90. 2, she married the architect William Sanger and gave up her education. Margaret Sanger worked as a visiting nurse in the slums of the East Side, while her husband worked as an architect and a house painter. Already imbued with her husband's leftist politics, Margaret Sanger also threw herself into the radical politics and modernist values of pre- World War I Greenwich Village bohemia. She joined the Women's Committee of the New York Socialist party, took part in the labor actions of the Industrial Workers of the World (including the notable 1. Lawrence textile strike and the 1. Paterson silk strike) and became involved with local intellectuals, left- wing artists, socialists and social activists, including John Reed, Upton Sinclair, Mabel Dodge and Emma Goldman. Sanger's political interests, emerging feminism and nursing experience led her to write two series of columns on sex education entitled . By the standards of the day, Sanger's articles were extremely frank in their discussion of sexuality, and many New York Call readers were outraged by them. Other readers, however, praised the series for its candor. Find out more about the history of World War I History. The biggest naval engagement of World War I, the Battle of Jutland (May 1916). We know you love history. What Researchers Should Know. The 2016 World War One Historical Association Symposium: 1916. Join the World War One Historical Association on its 2017. Home » Fact » 25 Facts About World War 1 25 Facts About World War 1. 1916, resulted in over a. What would happen to. World War I or the First World War became standard, with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War, and Americans World War I. What the World Should Know - 1916 was released on: USA: December 1916. Margaret Sanger also threw herself into the radical politics and modernist values of pre-World War. What Every Girl Should Know – Originally published 1916. Airplanes were first used extensively in World War I. Airplanes were not used very much in fighting before World War I. It was the first war to use. 1916: Which exhibition should you go to? One stated that the series contained . Both were published in book form in 1. Access to contraceptive information was prohibited on grounds of obscenity by the 1. Comstock law and a host of state laws. Seeking to help these women, Sanger visited public libraries, but was unable to find information on contraception. A few months later, Sanger was called back to . She had attempted yet another self- induced abortion. She launched a campaign to challenge governmental censorship of contraceptive information through confrontational actions. Sanger became estranged from her husband in 1. This 1. 6- page pamphlet contained detailed and precise information and graphic descriptions of various contraceptive methods. In August 1. 91. 4 Margaret Sanger was indicted for violating postal obscenity laws by sending the The Woman Rebel through the postal system. Rather than stand trial, she fled the country. She shared their concern that over- population led to poverty, famine and war. William Sanger was tried and convicted, spending thirty days in jail while attracting interest in birth control as an issue of civil liberty. Diaphragms were generally unavailable in the United States, so Sanger and others began importing them from Europe, in defiance of United States law. On October 1. 6, 1. Sanger opened a family planning and birth control clinic at 4. Amboy Street in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, the first of its kind in the United States. Sanger's bail was set at $5. Sanger continued seeing some women in the clinic until the police came a second time. This time Sanger and her sister, Ethel Byrne, were arrested for breaking a New York state law that prohibited distribution of contraceptives, Sanger was also charged with running a public nuisance. She was force- fed, the first woman hunger striker in the US to be so treated. Crane of the New York Court of Appeals issued a ruling which allowed doctors to prescribe contraception. Therefore we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these conditions can be satisfied. After Sanger's appeal of her conviction for the Brownsville clinic secured a 1. Clinical Research Bureau (CRB) in 1. In China she observed that the primary method of family planning was female infanticide, and she later worked with Pearl Buck to establish a family planning clinic in Shanghai. From 1. 91. 6 onward, she frequently lectured (in churches, women's clubs, homes, and theaters) to workers, churchmen, liberals, socialists, scientists, and upper- class women. Between 1. 92. 0 and 1. Woman and the New Race and The Pivot of Civilization were sold. The first, My Fight for Birth Control, was published in 1. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography, was published in 1. During the 1. 92. Sanger received hundreds of thousands of letters, many of them written in desperation by women begging for information on how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Hubert, a black social worker and leader of New York's Urban League, asked Sanger to open a clinic in Harlem. The clinic was directed by a 1. The clinic was publicized in the African- American press and in black churches, and it received the approval of W. Du Bois, co- founder of the NAACP and editor of its magazine, The Crisis. To emphasize the benefits of hiring black community leaders to act as spokesmen, she wrote to Gamble, . The most successful educational approach to the Negro is through a religious appeal. The diaphragm was confiscated by the United States government, and Sanger's subsequent legal challenge led to a 1. Comstock laws which prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives. In spite of her original intentions, she remained active in the movement through the 1. Sanger was the organization's first president and served in that role until she was 8. Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut, which legalized birth control in the United States. Men and women who have it in control and constantly use their brain cells thinking deeply, are never sensual. It would not be difficult to fill page upon page of heart- rending confessions made by young girls, whose lives were blighted by this pernicious habit, always begun so innocently. She also blamed Christianity for the suppression of such discussion. Sanger grew up in a home where orator Robert Ingersoll was admired. In response she stood on stage, silent, with a gag over her mouth, while her speech was read by Arthur M. The affluent and educated already limited their child- bearing, while the poor and ignorant lacked access to contraception and information about birth- control. This would lead to a betterment of society and the human race. She continually rejected their approach. In 1. 95. 7, the American Humanist Association named her Humanist of the Year. Government authorities and other institutions have memorialized Sanger by dedicating several landmarks in her name, including a residential building on the Stony Brook University campus, a room in Wellesley College's library. Marston was influenced by early feminist thought while in college, and later formed a romantic relationship with Sanger's niece, Olive Byrne. Maisel and Sincere Publishing, with the title What Every Mother Should Know, or how six little children were taught the truth .. Online(1. 92. 1 edition, Michigan State University)Family Limitation . Online (1. 91. 7, 6th edition, Michigan State University); Online (1. English edition, Bakunin Press, revised by author from 9th American edition); What Every Girl Should Know . Maisel; 9. 1 pages; also published in several later editions. Online (1. 92. 0 edition); Online (1. Michigan State University)The Case for Birth Control: A Supplementary Brief and Statement of Facts . Online (Internet Archive)Woman and the New Race, 1. Truth Publishing, foreword by Havelock Ellis. Online (Harvard University); Online (Project Gutenberg); Online (Internet Archive); Audio on Archive. Debate on Birth Control . Wolf, and Emma Sargent Russell. Published as issue 2. Little Blue Book series by Haldeman- Julius Co. Online (1. 92. 1, Michigan State University)The Pivot of Civilization, 1. Brentanos. Online (1. Project Gutenberg); Online (1. Google Books)Motherhood in Bondage, 1. Brentanos. Online (Google Books). My Fight for Birth Control, 1. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. An Autobiography. New York, NY: Cooper Square Press. Fight for Birth Control, 1. New York. Sanger was publisher and editor. Birth Control Review . Sanger was Editor until 1. ABCL. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Archived from the original on March 2. Retrieved March 3. Correspondence between Sanger and Mc. Cormick, from The Pill documentary movie; supplementary material, PBS, American Experience (producers). For the children's sake. O'Conner cites Gordon (1. In 1. 96. 5, the case had struck down one of the remaining contraception- related Comstock laws in Connecticut and Massachusetts. However, Griswold only applied to marital relationships. A later case, Eisenstadt v. Baird (1. 97. 2), extended the Griswold holding to unmarried persons as well.^For example, in his book, Eugenics, Marriage and Birth Control (Practical Eugenics), Robinson wrote: . Margaret Sanger: a life of passion. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Family Limitation(PDF). Sanger, Margaret, The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, pp. Retrieved March 1. It was one of the longest, bloodiest, and most- ferocious battles of the war; French casualties amounted to about 4. German ones to about 3. Some 3. 00,0. 00 were killed. German Gen. Erich von Falkenhayn believed that the war would be won or lost in France, and he felt that a strategy of attrition was Germany’s best hope of achieving its goals. In a letter to German Emperor William II in late 1. Britain was the most formidable of the Allied powers, but he conceded that it could not be assaulted directly, save by submarine warfare, as the British sector of the Western Front did not lend itself to offensive operations (an assessment that would be proved correct at the First Battle of the Somme). In Falkenhayn’s view, Britain’s “real weapons” in the war were the French, Russian, and Italian armies. He regarded Russia as already paralyzed and Italy as unlikely to affect the outcome of the war, concluding, “Only France remains.” Falkenhayn stated that a breakthrough en masse was unnecessary and that instead Germany should bleed France to death by choosing a point of attack “for the retention of which the French would be compelled to throw in every man they have.”Read More on This Topic. World War I: The Western Front, 1. The fortress of Verdun with its surrounding fortifications along the Meuse River was selected because it threatened the main German communication lines, it represented a salient in the French defenses, and the loss of such a storied citadel would be an enormous blow to French morale. The keynote of the tactical plan was a continuous series of limited advances that would draw the French reserves into the mincing machine of the German artillery. Each of these advances was itself to be secured by an intense artillery bombardment, brief for surprise and making up for its short duration by the number of batteries and their rapidity of fire. By this means the objective would be taken and consolidated before the enemy could move up its reserves for counterattack. Local command of the operation was given to Crown Prince William, the eldest son of William II. The initial German attack. As early as January 1. French airmen had detected German preparations for the Verdun offensive, and on February 1. French intelligence officer discovered a buildup of German troops on the right bank of the Meuse. As French commanders had been almost exclusively focused on their own offensive plans, their hasty efforts to bolster the defenses of Verdun were very nearly too late. Over the next 1. 0 days, thousands of men and dozens of guns were moved to Verdun to oppose the expected German attack. Confronted with a massive logistical challenge—main rail lines to Verdun had been cut or were under constant barrage by German artillery—French officers organized a motorized supply chain on an unprecedented scale, transporting men and mat. The 3. 7- mile (5. Bar- le- Duc to Verdun came to be known as La Voie Sacr. At about 4: 4. 5 pm the first German infantry attack was launched, initially by teams of scouts who surveyed the damage done by the opening barrage. If French defenses had not been shattered in a given area, the scouts retired and directed additional shelling. Combat engineers then followed, ahead of the main body of the advance. German troops made significant gains by the end of the first day, occupying the Bois d’Haumont and penetrating the French lines. The following day the Germans capitalized on their gains, repelling a French counterattack. The village of Haumont was razed by artillery fire, and by February 2. Brabant- sur- Meuse, Wavrille, and Samogneux were in German hands. In three days the Germans had overrun the first line of French defenses, and both sides hastily reinforced their positions. Thousands of French troops, placed in untenable positions in open country, were almost immediately wiped from the field. On February 2. 4 the Germans sought to advance from their position at Samogneux, but they were immobilized by French artillery. The rest of the German line swept through the second rank of French defenses, capturing Beaumont, the Bois des Fosses, and the Bois des Cauri. That evening the French commander at Verdun, Gen. Initial plans had been made to mass French forces on the left bank so as to oppose a German crossing, but the French high command soon decreed that a new defensive line, stretching from the heights on the east bank of the Meuse to the village of Douaumont, should be held at all costs. As the French defense was reorganized, the Germans captured the undefended Fort Douaumont, arguably the most formidable of the strongpoints surrounding Verdun. Eight months would pass and much blood would be shed before the French could reclaim the fort. French resistance stiffened over subsequent days, however, and the German advance slowed. French fliers reclaimed command of the air over the battlefield, and P. On February 2. 6–2. German troops assaulted Douaumont village, but the French defenses held. The second phase of the battle. The Germans had failed to gain an immediate decision at Verdun, and they soon realized that the British army was preparing an attack on the Somme. For the next four months, they kept the Battle of Verdun going with furious tenacity in order to disorganize the attack being prepared by the Allies in Picardy. For its part, the French general staff was faced with the problem of holding on at Verdun without ceasing to prepare for the Somme, exhausting the Germans as much as possible in advance of the planned Allied summer offensive. On March 4 the Germans captured Douaumont village. The town was razed during the battle, and the widespread presence of unexploded ordnance throughout the area ensured that it could not be rebuilt. The Germans expanded the scope of their attacks to the west bank of the Meuse, and on March 6 two reserve corps crossed the river at Brabant and occupied the Hill de 1’Oie. On March 1. 0 the Germans captured the Bois de Cumi. Both sides suffered tens of thousands of casualties during the furious engagements, and on March 1. Germans captured the lower crest of Le Morte Homme. The higher crest, known as Peak 2. No Man’s Land. The battle was now raging on both banks of the Meuse. On March 8 the Germans captured the defensive works surrounding Hardaumont on the right bank, and they spent the next 1. Vaux. On the left bank the Germans overran the Bois d’Avocourt on March 2. French strongpoint at Hill 3. The Germans brought up fresh troops, and on March 2. Germans captured the village of Vaux on March 3. By April 8 the French had lost all that remained of their former front line on the left bank of the Meuse. The new front passed through Avocourt, the first slopes of Hill 3. Le Mort Homme, and to the north of Cumi. On April 9 the crown prince ordered an attack on both banks on a scale not known since the opening offensive in February, but the gains were insignificant. Britannica Lists & Quizzes. The bloody stalemate continued through April as both armies rotated their commanding officers. The German command had also divided the field of battle into two sections, with Gen. Ewald von Lochow replacing Gen. Bruno von Mudra on the right bank; Gen. Max von Gallwitz commanded the left bank until he was replaced by Gen. On May 8 the Germans captured the Bois Camard but were unable to parlay that advance into a successful assault on the French strongpoint at Hill 3. As each army continued to seek the advantage at Verdun, preparations for the upcoming Somme offensive exerted pressure on both sides to push for a hasty and conclusive resolution to the battle. On June 1 the Germans attacked Vaux and Thiaumont, two strongpoints in the French line on the right bank. After days of back- and- forth combat, the Germans captured both positions on June 9, but they were unable to carry their attack through to the defensive works south of Thiaumont. Fighting on the left bank was largely inconclusive, but on June 1. French reclaimed roughly a little more than a half mile (one kilometre) of trenches on Le Mort Homme. Such minor gains, which came at an enormous cost in lives, would typify the horrors of trench warfare on the Western Front. While the Germans retained the initiative at Verdun, their efforts were frustrated by events nearly 1,0. On June 4 Russian Gen. Aleksey Brusilov launched a devastating offensive in Volhynia (now in Ukraine) that led to the capture of 2. Austro- Hungarian troops in the space of just three days. Forced to divert attention to the Eastern Front when victory at Verdun seemed imminent, the Germans renewed their attack on the right bank on June 2. The town of Fleury fell, as did the first line of trenches in front of Souville, but the offensive stalled at the French strongpoint at Froide Terre. By June 2. 3 the situation had become so dire for the French that P. The general Allied infantry assault began on July 1, and the British suffered nearly 6. On July 1. 1 the Germans made yet another attack on Verdun, assaulting the line from Vaux to Souville with 1. The advance crumpled up on the slopes of Souville, and another German attack on August 1 failed. The French retook Thiaumont on August 3 and Fleury the following day, with the Germans regaining Thiaumont on August 8. Local fighting continued throughout the month, and the final significant German attack, on September 3, yielded no gains. With that the active period of the Battle of Verdun came to an end. From February 2. 1 to June 1. French army had fielded 6. Verdun; by December 1. French army had seen action on the Meuse. From February through July, the Germans had used 4. French guns at Verdun fired over 1. At the conclusion of this enormous expenditure of blood and treasure, the lines were little changed from where they had been in early February. In September, Gen. Charles Mangin, who had held command of a section of the French defensive line from Fleury to the right bank of the Meuse from June 2. Verdun region. Nivelle approved, and that offensive was initiated on October 2.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2016
Categories |